That's a staple of the Dragon Ball Z anime, not its manga counterpart. We only see someone blowing up a celestial body a few times in the manga (not including Namek's destruction, as that's the planet detonating due to the destruction of its core). The first and second are Roshi and Piccolo blowing up the moon, which are both in the same style. The third is Frieza blowing up planet Vegeta, where there's just
bright light and maybe absolutely tiny debris as Bardock is blown away. Lastly, Kid Buu instantly blows up the Earth, and there's no debris when he reforms.
If you want to delve into canon films and tv, that's fine. Here's
both versions of Frieza destroying planet Vegeta. In Dragon Ball Super: Broly, Frieza's supernova explodes against Vegeta, causing the planet to crack and explode, leaving a debris field. In the DBS anime, it's similar to what you describe.
The term "blowing up" or "blowing to bits" is used liberally. For example, Vegeta uses both terms in the same context after he realizes the moon has been destroyed, and that's inspite of not knowing the cause. From what I've found, blowing up can also translate to "blast" in Japanese.
Again, if it was blown out of the panel, the feat would be significantly higher than what the calc suggests. Plus, the calc is still flawed regardless of KE being a viable option. I'm fairly sure it would be visible, there's a
dust cloud that's visible from Earth despite its
low density (1,000,000 dust grains per thousand cubic kilometers), and it occupies multiple points of the Earth-Moon system.