the 251/250x calc that a group of astronmers did should now be unusabe due to a new cosmoiclogical study done today. First, the calc of the 251/250x uses the old expansion rate of the universe. The link to the source of the original calc is here.
https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article/413/1/L91/1747653
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We also add the Hubble Key Project determination of the Hubble constant today, as a Gaussian datum with mean and standard deviation H0= 72 ┬▒ 8kmsÔêÆ1MpcÔêÆ1 (Freedman et al. 2001). SNIa data are included in the form of the UNION08 data set sample (Kowalski et al. 2008)."
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(where c is the speed of light and H0 the Hubble constant today in km s1 Mpc1)"
The new estimation on how fast the universe is expanding today is in the links below. This study came out today. It now raises new questions which i will talk about soon.
https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/25/world/universe-expanding-faster-scn/index.html?no-st=1556235477
https://www.space.com/amp/universe-expanding-fast-new-physics.html
https://phys.org/news/2019-04-hubble-universe-faster.amp
https://relay.nationalgeographic.com/proxy/distribution/public/amp/science/2019/04/hubble-constant-universe-expanding-faster-than-all-expectations
The 251/250x calc is also dependent on dark energy. Which the link of the calc has this to say about it.
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The dark energy time evolution is described by the present-day dark energy density in units of the critical density, ╬®de, and by its equation of state, w(z), as given in equation (10). In extracting constraints on cosmological parameters from luminosity or angular diameter distance measurements, one has to be careful to consider the potential impact of degeneracies between the assumed models. In this case, the strong degeneracy between curvature and dark energy evolution (see e.g. Clarkson, Cortes & Bassett 2007) is at least partially accounted for by admitting in our space of models an evolving dark energy equation of state." [I highlighted the important part.]
Dark energy is only partially accounted for.
According to the articles i posted about the new expansion rate of the universe. One hypothesis in the sudden change in expansion rate.
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One explanation for the mismatch involves an unexpected appearance of dark energy in the young universe, which is thought to now comprise 70% of the universe's contents. Proposed by astronomers at Johns Hopkins, the theory is dubbed "early dark energy," and suggests that the universe evolved like a three-act play.
Astronomers have already hypothesized that dark energy existed during the first seconds after the big bang and pushed matter throughout space, starting the initial expansion. Dark energy may also be the reason for the universe's accelerated expansion today. The new theory suggests that there was a third dark-energy episode not long after the big bang, which expanded the universe faster than astronomers had predicted. The existence of this "early dark energy" could account for the tension between the two Hubble constant values, Riess said.
Another idea is that the universe contains a new subatomic particle that travels close to the speed of light. Such speedy particles are collectively called "dark radiation" and include previously known particles like neutrinos, which are created in nuclear reactions and radioactive decays.
Yet another attractive possibility is that dark matter (an invisible form of matter not made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons) interacts more strongly with normal matter or radiation than previously assumed."
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Dark matter/energy is believed to be involved heavyily. Which drastically alters the calc.
Something else we have too account for. is that we are judging the expansion of the universes based on the distant light we observe from stars in distant galaxies. this is not a "present day and time" speed for the expansion rate, but that is the new expansion rate for that time in our universe. However many billions of years old the light we are seeing is. The rate of expansion for the universe is expected to speed up, and not slow down. its expected to accelerate even faster. Its safe to say the current expansion rate of the universe is exceedingly huge, and expotentially more massive.
In summary: With the new expansion rate of the universe raising questions in the scientific community. It all makes the 251/250x the observable universe size obselete and unusable, as any new scientific hypothesis and study would drastically alter it given the current suggestions by astroscientist.
Changes in Dark energy/Dark matter. Changes in the expansion rate, and changes in "Light from distant stars" such as age, and distance. Would all affect the calc of that size. The new expansion rate now changes all that, and is raising questions by scientist to look for a cause/answer.
If someone could edit this to make it look neater and more legdible.. i would appreciate it.. Thank you..
