When it comes to the mainline
Dragon Ball cosmology, it can get really, really confusing. I myself had to do a lot of research just to see exactly how the universe even functioned because I couldn't tell if the Goku-Beerus clash in the Battle of Gods arc feat was simply just a Universe level feat.
Spacing and Structure
So for starters we have the
Daizenshuu model of what one of the twelve universes look like, as this was created by Akira Toriyama himself.
- (Toriyama illustration)
- (Translated version and upscaled)
I will be using this as a reference to what one of the universes looks like, since it was actually made by Toriyama and has been reinforced by many of the main showrunners and writers (such as Takao Koyama). Toei has made a different looking universe structure in the
Dragon Ball Super anime, but it really doesn't matter what it looks like since the illustration is merely just a way to visualize it. What's more important is the contents of the universe.
Living Realm / Mortal Universe
There are at least three different "realms", or planes of existence in one of these universes.
- There's the mortal universe first. Daizenshuu 4 says it's an endless, expansive space, so this by default should mean the universe is at least infinite.
- However, there is a small problem. In the anime of Dragon Ball Super, it states that there's an edge to the universe.
- Bulma also states that they are at the "edge" of the universe in the manga.
Now does this mean that the living universe's size is being retconned? Is this just the
Daizenshuu books stating hyperbole? Well, no. I'll explain below when I talk about the other sections of the universe.
Heavenly Realm / Otherworld
The next part of the universe is the Heavenly Realm, or "Otherworld", which is the realm that Heaven, the four planets of the Kais and Enma/Yemma's check in station is located. Both Heaven and Otherworld are two different things. Heaven is the actual planet where the souls of the dead stay, and Otherworld/Heavenly realm is the entire plane of existence they live on. Heaven is stated to be "as wide as the universe itself", which may seem completely exaggerated based on the visualized universe Toriyama drew, however I will get to why that is.
- Heaven (Daizenshuu 4)
- (Translated from above)
For anyone who took an astronomy class, you may know that the observable universe in real life is not infinite in size, it's roughly about 46 billion light years wide. When it comes to Dragon Ball, the only possible explanation for both these statements to co-exist and not have any retcons is if the observable universe (as in the galaxies and stars in the universe) are only finite in size, but the plane of existence that the living people reside in is infinite. It can be backed up with how you simply cannot just "fly" all the way to Otherworld as it is a whole different plane of existence, and characters are only actually able to get there by using special spirit techniques such as Instant Transmission or Kai Kai which seems to let you teleport across dimensions (though not the Time Chamber or anywhere sealed off from the universe).
Oh also, time flows differently between the Living World and Otherworld as confirmed by Goku in the Buu saga, which should be enough proof they're two different space-time continuums when it comes to fictional dimension tiering.
Kaioshin Realm
Now that we have two universe sized structures out of the way, we go on to the last section of the universe which is the Supreme Kai/Kaioshin Realm. This is the separate space of the universe the Supreme Kais reside in to watch over all of life.
- In the Daizenshuu books, it is stated to be 1/10th the size of both the Living Universe and Otherworld combined. As we know in math, ∞/10 is still just infinity. This would also mean that the Kaioshin Realm is an infinitely sized plane of existence as well.
So overall, this would mean that there are at minimum,
three space-time continuums when it comes to one universe. There are twelve universes in total, and some even have similar causalities such as Universe 6 and Universe 7 being extremely similar in history yet diverging in some aspects (such as Planet Sadala not being abandoned for Planet Vegeta)
Miscellaneous Realms
Now there are other places stated in
Daizenshuu such as the "Enma Realm" and the Demon Realm, but based on what we know these are likely part of Otherworld and the Living Universe respectively. If anyone has any proof of these two being separate planes of existence then I would like to see the evidence.
- The Time Chamber is about the size of Earth, stated by Goku when him and Gohan trained in it in the Cell arc.
- A Daizenshuu 4 page stating the formation of the universe. Keep in mind that the "Galaxies" are more correctly just quadrants, as Jaco does state in the Dragon Ball Super manga that there are countless amounts of galaxies in the universe, not really a retcon but just better stated as to what the "four galaxies" actually are.
Other Places in the Multiverse
I'll also talk about Zeno's Realm and the Null Realm (also known as "World of Void"), since both seem to be existing entirely outside the Multiverse structure itself as said in the anime.
- We see with Zeno's Realm, it has universes floating around the palace. Now I don't know exactly how big the Zeno World is so I won't factor this into the size of the multiverse, but I will say that based on it's appearance, it seems to be egregiously larger than the already above infinite sized universes.
- But we do know how large the Null Realm is, as it's stated to be "infinite nothingness" and isolated outside the multiverse. Again, this world is stated to have no time or space, reinforcing what I said earlier about the different planes of existence. The realm seems to also exist in every alternate timeline as well.
Timelines
But here comes a tricky part: There are multiple timelines that can be created when travelling through time. The way time works in Dragon Ball is far different than real life, since the universal structure is way larger and different than most modern theories of the multiverse.
Time Travel in Dragon Ball
Now we know how they're created: You alter the past and the time axis spins into a whole different stream of events.
In the Black arc, new timelines are created by both Trunks and Zamasu due to actions that alter the past. There are six timelines as of now based on the amount of rings Gowasu has. This was formerly seven before Future Zeno erased the
entirety of Trunks' timeline.
Scaling of Timelines
Does this mean that the 4D scaling I mentioned earlier for the universes is invalidated because the new timelines contain the entire existence of the Dragon World within them? Does this mean that this puts characters like Zeno up to Multiversal+ because the concept of time is above the structure of space-time continuums in multiverse theory? Nope, not at all.
Assuming there are at least 12 universes, each with their three planes of existence, this would mean that there are at least 36 different space-time continuums, and adding the Null Realm makes this 37. As said above I won't factor in Zeno's Realm as I can't find any material that verbally tells us it's size, for all we know they could just be decorations made by the Grand Priest.
In total, we know that there are at minimum,
222 space-time continuums in the mainline
Dragon Ball canon. If we assume that some of these timelines never experienced Zeno erasing the other six universe, this number could jump up to 500+. This means that the Dragon Ball cosmology stays mostly around
Low Multiverse level when it comes to power scaling.
Feat Examples
With this cosmology revision I stated above, here is what the appropriate scaling for some major feats in
Dragon Ball Super should really be.
- Goku-Beerus Universe Destroying Clash - Low Multiverse level
- Infinite Zamasu's existence spreading across timelines - At least Low Multiverse level
- Future Zeno erasing the entirety of Trunks' timeline - At least Low Multiverse level
Most of the reference material in this thread is from the
Daizenshuu books or the actual anime/manga itself. There are other
Dragon Ball guidebooks I reference as well since most of them were approved by Toriyama.
If there are any arguments for scaling Dragon Ball any higher I would like to hear them, though I am not very active on the forums much due to my personal life getting in the way (I debunked some Sonic scaling once and I haven't checked any replies).