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EDIT I: Blog post here.
EDIT II: See DeathstroketheHedgehog's post at the bottom of this thread for better destruction values, as they take dropping the block into account.
We have pulverization values for diamonds now. Diamond blocks have the same blast resistance as stone blocks (6). This means mobs that go boom get big upgrades. For future reference, one diamond block is one cubic meter, and 1000000 cubic centimeters. Our pulverization value for diamond is 110000 j/cc. We assume pulverization because nothing remains after.
Creeper: Creepers can take out 15 blocks of stone. Since diamond blocks have the same blast resistance value, creepers can also take out 15 diamond blocks. 15000000 x 110000 = 1650000000000 joules. Multi-City Block level (8-A).
Charged Creeper: Charged creepers can take out 33 blocks of stone. As evidenced above, they can also take out 33 diamond blocks. 33000000 x 110000 = 3630000000000 joules. Multi-City Block level (8-A).
Before we move on, don't scale things to Creeper explosions unless you know they can survive it point-blank on Hard difficulty. The official Minecraft wiki says that value is 24.5 hearts for normal creepers and 48.5 hearts for charged creepers. Nothing can survive that except for Elder Guardians (normal creepers only), Ravagers, Iron Golems, the Ender Dragon, Withers, and players with enchanted diamond armor.
End Crystal: End crystals have the same explosive strength as charged creepers. See above calculation. Multi-City Block level (8-A).
Ender Drago: The Ender Dragon doesn't blow up things, but it does pulverize every solid block it comes in contact with, save for a select few like end stone, obsidian, and bedrock. Diamond blocks are not one of these select few. Piggybacking off of Redite250's calc, we have a volume of 117000000 cc. 117000000 x 110000 = 12870000000000 joules. Small Town level (Low 7-C).
These last two are original research. I don't have a screen recorder, only screenshots, so test it out yourself if you need further confirmation.
Ghast: Ghasts can't blow up diamond blocks. They can blow up glass blocks, however, which have a blast resistance of 0.6. Glass has a pulverization value of 1000 j/cc. To test the limits of a ghast fireball, I made a superflat world made of 40 layers of glass and one layer of bedrock at the bottom for visibility, then went into Survival, spawned a ghast, and got it to fire at me several times. None of the craters it made were more than one block deep, and none of them took out more than nine blocks. I filled them in with red concrete powder for easy viewing. Observe the screenshot below.
Nine blocks of glass is 9000000 cc. 9000000 cc x 1000 = 9000000000 joules. Small Building level (9-A). If you can find a block with a blast resistance within a ghast fireball's limits, that also has a higher pulverization value than glass, let me know.
Wither: The screenshot directly below this is the aftermath of an underground Withersplosion on a superflat world made of 40 layers of diamond blocks. 61 blocks are missing in this pocket. 9 of them were needed to spawn the Wither, so 52 diamond blocks got blown up. 52000000 x 110000 = 5720000000000 joules. Small Town level (Low 7-C).
Blue wither skulls blow up obsidian, yes, but they do this by treating any block in their blast radius (save for deliberately unbreakable blocks like bedrock and barriers) like it has a blast resistance of 0.8. Ergo, it ignores durability to an extent.
tl;dr: both creeper keys and end crystals to 8-A, ghast to 9-A unless proven otherwise, ender dragon and wither to low 7-C
EDIT II: See DeathstroketheHedgehog's post at the bottom of this thread for better destruction values, as they take dropping the block into account.
We have pulverization values for diamonds now. Diamond blocks have the same blast resistance as stone blocks (6). This means mobs that go boom get big upgrades. For future reference, one diamond block is one cubic meter, and 1000000 cubic centimeters. Our pulverization value for diamond is 110000 j/cc. We assume pulverization because nothing remains after.
Creeper: Creepers can take out 15 blocks of stone. Since diamond blocks have the same blast resistance value, creepers can also take out 15 diamond blocks. 15000000 x 110000 = 1650000000000 joules. Multi-City Block level (8-A).
Charged Creeper: Charged creepers can take out 33 blocks of stone. As evidenced above, they can also take out 33 diamond blocks. 33000000 x 110000 = 3630000000000 joules. Multi-City Block level (8-A).
Before we move on, don't scale things to Creeper explosions unless you know they can survive it point-blank on Hard difficulty. The official Minecraft wiki says that value is 24.5 hearts for normal creepers and 48.5 hearts for charged creepers. Nothing can survive that except for Elder Guardians (normal creepers only), Ravagers, Iron Golems, the Ender Dragon, Withers, and players with enchanted diamond armor.
End Crystal: End crystals have the same explosive strength as charged creepers. See above calculation. Multi-City Block level (8-A).
Ender Drago: The Ender Dragon doesn't blow up things, but it does pulverize every solid block it comes in contact with, save for a select few like end stone, obsidian, and bedrock. Diamond blocks are not one of these select few. Piggybacking off of Redite250's calc, we have a volume of 117000000 cc. 117000000 x 110000 = 12870000000000 joules. Small Town level (Low 7-C).
These last two are original research. I don't have a screen recorder, only screenshots, so test it out yourself if you need further confirmation.
Ghast: Ghasts can't blow up diamond blocks. They can blow up glass blocks, however, which have a blast resistance of 0.6. Glass has a pulverization value of 1000 j/cc. To test the limits of a ghast fireball, I made a superflat world made of 40 layers of glass and one layer of bedrock at the bottom for visibility, then went into Survival, spawned a ghast, and got it to fire at me several times. None of the craters it made were more than one block deep, and none of them took out more than nine blocks. I filled them in with red concrete powder for easy viewing. Observe the screenshot below.
Nine blocks of glass is 9000000 cc. 9000000 cc x 1000 = 9000000000 joules. Small Building level (9-A). If you can find a block with a blast resistance within a ghast fireball's limits, that also has a higher pulverization value than glass, let me know.
Wither: The screenshot directly below this is the aftermath of an underground Withersplosion on a superflat world made of 40 layers of diamond blocks. 61 blocks are missing in this pocket. 9 of them were needed to spawn the Wither, so 52 diamond blocks got blown up. 52000000 x 110000 = 5720000000000 joules. Small Town level (Low 7-C).
Blue wither skulls blow up obsidian, yes, but they do this by treating any block in their blast radius (save for deliberately unbreakable blocks like bedrock and barriers) like it has a blast resistance of 0.8. Ergo, it ignores durability to an extent.
tl;dr: both creeper keys and end crystals to 8-A, ghast to 9-A unless proven otherwise, ender dragon and wither to low 7-C