Caulifa doesn't have many feats of scaling to Goku. She struggled to handle an exhausted Base Goku and, with Kale and Super Saiyan 2, barely managed to push him Super Saiyan 3 (and Kale is vastly superior to Caulifa in power). It was also stated in-universe that Goku was recovering his stamina as he fought, meaning Post-Kefla Goku was somehow less exhausted than he was against Caulifa, I guess?
We don't really know how UIO scales, other than Post-UIO2 Goku Blue surpassing UIO1...so we can claim Post-UIO1 Goku was considerably stronger and maybe a couple dozen times stronger at most. The issue is that Goku was incredibly weakened afterwards, so it's likely he wasn't fighting at his boosted power.
To memory, Black was stronger than SS2 Goku but Vegeta and Goku both reached comparable power to Black. We don't know SS2's multiplier but it's definitely over 100x. We can claim Goku and Vegeta grew over 100x stronger in the Black arc and grew an unknown number of times stronger in the three years they trained in the time chamber. I can assume, however, that they probably didn't grow over 100 times stronger in the time chamber, considering saiyans grow stronger faster against stronger opponents and challenges which Black provided.
Point being, it's fair to claim Goku grew hundreds of times stronger since he fought Frieza but the UIO1 boost is unknown and Goku was heavily weakened when he fought Caulifa.
If we claim Goku grew, say, 1000x stronger since he fought Frieza, he would be over 100,000x stronger than Base Frieza in Super Saiyan 2. Caulifa was unable to handle SS Goku in SS2, so SS2 Caulifa would be <50,000x Base Frieza.
Blue is 40-50x SSG and SSG is stronger than Super Saiyan 3. Let's lowball SSG heavily by claiming that SSG is 500x Base and that Blue is 50x SSG. Super Saiyan Blue Goku in RoF would be 25,000x Base Frieza in power. Golden Frieza, however, was stomping Goku Blue at first and was stated to be capable of killing Goku at anytime with ease.
Assuming a stomp = 2x, this means:
SS2 Caulifa is, at absolute maximum, <50,000x RoF Base Frieza.
RoF Golden Frieza, absolute minimum, is likely 50,000x his base form.
So, even if we assumed Goku grew 1000x since RoF and Caulifa scaled to Goku fighting at peak condition, she would still be weaker than RoF Golden Frieza. Now, factor in that Goku was heavily weakened and....well, Frieza has a big power advantage.
Even if SS2 Caulifa could stay alive until Frieza weakens over time, Frieza can still survive her attacks and pop the planet. He can regain consciousness in under a minute from a God of Destruction's Hakai, being crushed by a God of Destruction and rest from fighting SS Broly for over an hour within minutes. So Frieza is very unlikely to go down from a KO condition. If Caulifa tries to kill Frieza, Frieza has Immortality Type 2 and would likely resort to planetary destruction after being knocked out briefly by her.
Overall, it's very likely that Frieza has a strong edge in power, even if we wanked the powerscaling since RoF, and even if he was taken down he could get up (due to endurance, stamina and recovery feats) in under an hour and blow up the planet out of rage.
tl;dr SS2 Caulifa, highball, is <50,000x Base Frieza. Golden Frieza, heavy lowball, is likely 50,000x Base Frieza. Frieza also has many feats of recovering from unconsciousness within minutes, meaning if Caulifa goes for a non-lethal win, Frieza will just wake up in under an hour and blow up the Earth in a fit of rage.
