Sun Wukong is worshiped in southern China,
Taiwan, and areas of Southeast Asia, including Malaysia,
Singapore, and even Thailand and Vietnam, as the “Great Sage Equaling Heaven” (
Qitian dasheng, 齊天大聖) (fig. 1). Variations of this title often include “Lord” (
ye, 爺) or “Buddha Patriarch” (
fozu, 佛祖) (e.g.
Dasheng ye, 大聖爺;
Dasheng fozu, 大聖佛祖). He is
very rarely addressed as the “Victorious Fighting Buddha” (
Dou zhansheng fo, 鬥戰勝佛), which is taken from the end of
Journey to the West (1592) when our hero is bestowed Buddhahood for protecting the
monk Tripitaka. This is the name of
a real world deity (and member of the
35 Confession Buddhas) that was only later associated with Monkey in literature. I’ve even seen one temple that mixed such titles to call him the “Fighting Sage Buddha” (
Dou zhan sheng fo, 鬥戰聖佛).
While considered a full-fledged god or even Buddha, the Great Sage is not a supreme deity. In fact,
Buddho-Daoist folk religion considers him to be an intermediary for higher-ranking figures. For example, in most traditions he is a subordinate of the
Bodhisattva Guanyin. [1] One temple in Taiwan even believes he answers to the martial god
Guan Yu. Either way, he is considered the exorcist
par excellence and a protector of children. The little ones whom he takes as his godchildren are
known in Singapore as “dedicated children” (
khoe-kia). Those under his protection are believed to grow up to become well-behaved adults.