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So, although Unsong is already on the wiki and has been for a while, a few of the characters couldn't receive profiles at the time due to most of their ratings being connected to 1-A things. Given that, this could probably be taken as a formal introduction of the verse to the wiki. In any case, I already made a blog for the verse's cosmology, so most of the stuff in here will be a compressed version of what's written there:
User blog:Ultima_Reality/Unsong_Cosmology_Blog
We first start with the Supreme Being of the verse: God, or the Ein Sof.
First of all, God is described as the Absolute Infinite conceptualized by the mathematician Georg Cantor, father of Set Theory and very well-known for his discovery of the concept of infinite cardinal numbers. In the text itself, we are told that there are an infinite number of levels of infinity, with God's "Absolute" corresponding to that number.
The story then quotes this phrase of Cantor, where he declares his belief that "The Absolute" is not actually the largest infinity ("Genus supremum" = Largest of the species), because it transcends and defines the concept of infinity in the first place, and exists entirely apart from the whole hierarchy of infinities which he discovered, as an unity completely beyond human understanding:
Note that this hierarchy of cardinalities includes the set of all real numbers (Which is represented by P(N), or the power set of the natural numbers), which is itself the cardinality of all spaces of countable dimension, from 1-dimensional space to infinite-dimensional space. Thus, everything from 11-B to High 1-B actually falls under a single cardinality, which is followed by infinitely-many cardinal numbers.
Given how God embodies the Absolute which transcends the very concept of infinity and trivializes the whole hierarchy, He would be High 1-A
Furthermore, all hierarchies are described as ending in God by necessity:
And He is likewise the fundamental ontological ground of the world as a whole:
He is also said to exist beyond all dichotomies and principles which exist within the human world, some of which include basic mathematical/formalistic principles such as "1 + 1 = 2", "P implies not ¬P" and "No mathematical system can prove itself consistent, or else it would be inconsistent":
God is also described as the simplest possible thing, and as being the concept of "Existence" itself, an infinite wholeness that has the maximum amount of all possible characteristics and attributes, with the diametrical opposite to that being absolute nothingness. These two concepts are represented by the binary digits "1" and "0"
Then, there is an even more primal aspect of God than the Ein Sof, which is called the "Atzmus" and is completely unrepresentable by anything other than the absence of information altogether. If God is 1 and Absolute Nothingness is 0, then Atzmus is neither of those things, and is completely unable to spoken of. It can't even be considered the simplest possible thing, unlike those two, because it is not a "thing" in the first place.
Using the Kabbalah as a reference here (Most specifically Lurianic Kabbalah, which is referenced often in Unsong), Atzmus is essentially the name for the primeval divine essence, with the Ein Sof serving merely as a mediator between it and the created world: The Unmanifest and the Manifest, respectively. Again, to shamelessly quote Wikipedia:
Given all of that, Atzmus would be Tier 0
While absolutely no one scales to the Atzmus, God's High 1-A rating actually applies to a fair bit of people. For instance, The Comet King has access to the Shem haMephorash, the truest and most primal Name of God which concentrates the entirety of His multiversal essence, and allows the user to channel all of His power into themselves to reshape creation.
For reference, here is the draft I made for the Comet King's profile.
User blog:Ultima_Reality/Unsong_Cosmology_Blog
We first start with the Supreme Being of the verse: God, or the Ein Sof.
First of all, God is described as the Absolute Infinite conceptualized by the mathematician Georg Cantor, father of Set Theory and very well-known for his discovery of the concept of infinite cardinal numbers. In the text itself, we are told that there are an infinite number of levels of infinity, with God's "Absolute" corresponding to that number.
This reading we derive from Georg Cantor, the German mathematician who explored the cardinality of infinite sets. He found that though the natural numbers – 1, 2, 3 and so on – were infinite, still there were fewer of them than there were “real” numbers like root 2, pi, and 0.239567990052… Indeed, not only were there two different levels of infinity, but it seemed likely that there were an infinite number of different infinities (and maybe one extra, to describe the number of infinities there were?)
The overall effect on him was much like the man in the limerick:
There once was a fellow from Trinity,
Who took the square root of infinity.
But the number of digits,
Quite gave him the fidgets;
And he dropped Math and took up Divinity.
Cantor began talking about how his discoveries were direct and personal revelations from God, who wished him to preach the gospel of infinity so that an infinite Deity could be better understood. He posited an Absolute Infinite, beyond all the forms of infinity he had discovered, with which God might be identified.
The story then quotes this phrase of Cantor, where he declares his belief that "The Absolute" is not actually the largest infinity ("Genus supremum" = Largest of the species), because it transcends and defines the concept of infinity in the first place, and exists entirely apart from the whole hierarchy of infinities which he discovered, as an unity completely beyond human understanding:
“I have never proceeded from any Genus supremum of the actual infinite. Quite the contrary, I have rigorously proved that there is absolutely no Genus supremum of the actual infinite. What surpasses all that is finite and transfinite is no Genus; it is the single, completely individual unity in which everything is included, which includes the Absolute, incomprehensible to the human understanding. This is the Actus Purissimus, which by many is called God.”
Note that this hierarchy of cardinalities includes the set of all real numbers (Which is represented by P(N), or the power set of the natural numbers), which is itself the cardinality of all spaces of countable dimension, from 1-dimensional space to infinite-dimensional space. Thus, everything from 11-B to High 1-B actually falls under a single cardinality, which is followed by infinitely-many cardinal numbers.
Given how God embodies the Absolute which transcends the very concept of infinity and trivializes the whole hierarchy, He would be High 1-A
Furthermore, all hierarchies are described as ending in God by necessity:
Rabbi Reuben Margolis relates the song to a Midrash. King Nimrod of Sumer demands Abraham worship the Fire God. Abraham refuses, saying that rain extinguishes fire, so if anything he should worship rain. Nimrod says okay, fine, worship the Rain God. But Abraham refuses again, saying that wind drives away the rain clouds, so if anything, he should worship wind. So Nimrod commands he worship the Wind God, and then other things happen, and finally Nimrod tries to kill Abraham and God saves him. The lesson is that all hierarchies end in God, who is above all things.
And He is likewise the fundamental ontological ground of the world as a whole:
There is even a Monogrammaton. The sages took the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet, and decided that exactly one of them was a Name of God. That letter is “he”. It’s the fifth letter, and it makes an hhhhhh sound like English H. The sages say that the breath makes a hhhhhhhh sound, which I guess it sort of does. Breath is the animating spirit of human existence, God is the animating spirit of the world. It sort of checks out.
“He” is pronounced like “hey” or “hay”. “Hey” is a word we call to get someone’s attention. Attention is consciousness, the highest level of thought, corresponding to the sephirah Keter. When we shout “Hey!” at someone, we are speaking a holy Name of God, invoking the Monogrammaton to call forth the Divine within them. “Hay” is a thing that cows eat. Cows eat hay and we eat cows. We never touch hay, but it is indirectly sustaining us. It is the ontological ground, the secret that gives us life although we know it not.
He is also said to exist beyond all dichotomies and principles which exist within the human world, some of which include basic mathematical/formalistic principles such as "1 + 1 = 2", "P implies not ¬P" and "No mathematical system can prove itself consistent, or else it would be inconsistent":
Someone grabbed her body, the part of her that was stuck on the tower, the part of her that meant nothing. “Stop!” he told her, in a man’s voice. “You’ve got to come back!”
Ana soared. She circled the Transamerica Pyramid, and the giant lidless eye watched her course impassively.
“Listen!” said the man. “One plus one is two. If you don’t eat, you die. P implies not not P. Prices are controlled by the law of supply and demand, and are the only fair way of managing scarcity.”
Ana began to lose altitude.
“Organisms evolve according to the laws of natural selection. Reproductively fit organisms pass their genes on to the next generation. Uh. The wages of sin are death. Everybody dies. In a closed system, entropy always increases.”
Ana flapped her arms vigorously, trying to regain altitude, but her flight had never come from wings to begin with, and she fell further.
“Matter can’t be created or destroyed. Uh, calculus. Taxing a product disincentivizes its production. The light speed limit. No mathematical system can prove itself consistent, or else it would be inconsistent.”
“That’s why you never drink the water in San Francisco,” John told Ana. “It’s not some mystical blessing upon the city. It’s just a couple milligrams of LSD per liter of drinking water. A single swallow and you end up partaking of the beatific vision as mediated through Neil Armstrong. They keep the LSD around to maintain the trance and induct anybody else who comes in. I’ve been here half a dozen times and it still creeps me out.”
“Okay,” said Ana. She looked out the window again. The iridescent sphere was starting to pulsate.
“John’s too humble to say so,” said James. “But he saved your life. We saw that thing you did with the winds, and went up to investigate, but by the time we got up there you were way gone. He was the one who brought you down.”
“Dragged you out of the Ein Sof and into the created world,” said John. “That’s the only way to do it, remind you of all the dichotomies and tradeoffs and things that don’t apply up there.”
God is also described as the simplest possible thing, and as being the concept of "Existence" itself, an infinite wholeness that has the maximum amount of all possible characteristics and attributes, with the diametrical opposite to that being absolute nothingness. These two concepts are represented by the binary digits "1" and "0"
“I’m getting to Leibniz! Right now we’re at information theory. A well-defined mathematical explanation of simplicity. We can measure the complexity of a concept in bits. The number of binary digits it would take to specify the concept in some reasonable encoding system. We can do it with numbers. The numbers 0 and 1 are one bit. Two is 10, three is 11; those are two bits. Four is 100, five is 101, six is 110, seven is 111; so three bits. And so on. We can do it with computer programs; just count how many bits and bytes they take up on a computer. We can do it with images if you can get them into a format like .gif or .jpg. And we can do it with material objects. All you have to do is figure out how long it would take to write a program that specifies a description of the material object to the right level of complexity. There are already weather simulators. However many bits the most efficient one of those is, that’s how complex the weather is.”
“And God?” asked Zoe Farr.
“God is one bit. The bit ‘1’”.
“I find that…counterintuitive,” was the best Zoe could answer.
“Well, it’s easy to represent nothingness. That’s just the bit ‘0’. God is the opposite of that. Complete fullness. Perfection in every respect. This kind of stuff is beyond space – our modern theories of space take a bunch of bits to specify – but if it helps, imagine God as being space filled with the maximum amount of power and intelligence and goodness and everything else that it can hold, stretching on to infinity.”
“The maximum amount of purple?” I objected.
“Sure. And the maximum amount of red, green, blue, et cetera.”
“Leibniz was studying the I Ching, and he noticed that its yin and yang sticks, when arranged in hexagrams, corresponded to a new form of arithmetic, because he was Leibniz and of course he noticed that. So he invented binary numbers and wrote a letter to the Duke of Brunswick saying that he had explained how God could create the universe out of nothing. It goes like this. You’ve got God, who is 1. You’ve got nothingness, which is 0. And that’s all you need to create everything. 1s and 0s arranged in a long enough string.”
“How, exactly?”
“The kabbalistic conception is that God withdrew from Himself to create the world. I, for example, am beautiful and intelligent, but not so physically strong. God is perfectly beautiful and intelligent and strong, so by withdrawing a little bit of His beauty and intelligence, and a lot of His strength, and some other things, we end up with an Ana.”
Then, there is an even more primal aspect of God than the Ein Sof, which is called the "Atzmus" and is completely unrepresentable by anything other than the absence of information altogether. If God is 1 and Absolute Nothingness is 0, then Atzmus is neither of those things, and is completely unable to spoken of. It can't even be considered the simplest possible thing, unlike those two, because it is not a "thing" in the first place.
“I have a question,” Zoe Farr said, finally. “If God is just the binary digit 1, and nothingness is the binary digit 0, and the both contain one bit of information – then isn’t neither one the simplest thing? Wouldn’t the simplest thing be zero bits, neither God nor nothingness?”
“That’s Atzmus and you’re not supposed to talk about it!” said Ana.
“Okay, jeez,” said Zoe.
Using the Kabbalah as a reference here (Most specifically Lurianic Kabbalah, which is referenced often in Unsong), Atzmus is essentially the name for the primeval divine essence, with the Ein Sof serving merely as a mediator between it and the created world: The Unmanifest and the Manifest, respectively. Again, to shamelessly quote Wikipedia:
Before Moshe Cordovero and Isaac Luria gave subsequent systemisations of Kabbalah in the 16th century, Medieval Kabbalists debated the relationship between the Divine Will Keter and the Ein Sof. This involved the philosophical need to divorce the sephirot from any notions of plurality in God, and involved the question of whether the Ein Sof describes the essential Divine Being, or God as first cause of Creation. Cordovero lists Keter as the first sephirah, part of Creation. Luria takes an intermediate view that the Ein Sof does not represent the essence of God, nor that Keter is listed as the first sephirah within Creation, but instead the Ein Sof sublimely transcends Keter, mediating between Atzmus and Keter.
The term in Hasidic philosophy for the divine source is Atzmus ("essence"). While the Ein Sof of Kabbalah can only be infinite, Atzmus, rooted higher in the Godhead, is beyond finite/infinite duality. As the Etzem, it both transcends all levels, and permeates all levels. This is reflected in the paradoxical acosmic monism of Hasidic panentheism, and relates to the essence of the Torah and the soul.
Given all of that, Atzmus would be Tier 0
While absolutely no one scales to the Atzmus, God's High 1-A rating actually applies to a fair bit of people. For instance, The Comet King has access to the Shem haMephorash, the truest and most primal Name of God which concentrates the entirety of His multiversal essence, and allows the user to channel all of His power into themselves to reshape creation.
Thirty-six letters. A little on the long side. In general, the longer a Name, the harder to discover but the more powerful its effects. The longest known was the Wrathful Name, fifty letters. When spoken it levelled cities. The Sepher Raziel predicted that the Shem haMephorash, the Explicit Name which would capture God’s full essence and bestow near-omnipotence upon the speaker, would be seventy-two letters.
“IN KABBALAH, WE RECOGNIZE CERTAIN DIVISIONS OF ADAM KADMON AS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT. A FOURFOLD DIVISION, WHICH WE INTERPRET AS FOUR WORLDS. A TENFOLD DIVISION, WHICH WE INTERPRET AS TEN SEPHIROT. A TWENTY-TWO-FOLD DIVISION, WHICH WE INTERPRET AS TWENTY-TWO PATHS BETWEEN SEPHIROT. AND A SEVENTY-TWO-FOLD DIVISION, WHICH WE INTERPRET AS THE SEVENTY-TWO-FOLD EXPLICIT NAME OF GOD. BY UNDERSTANDING ALL OF THESE DIVISIONS, WE LEARN THE STRUCTURE OF ADAM KADMON AND THEREFORE THE ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF THE UNIVERSE.
The character’s universe is the book Unsong, which is indeed organized along these principles: four books, ten authors notes, twenty-two interludes, and seventy-two chapters.
In the last chapter, the Comet King says:
“Any good enough description of God is also a notarikon for His Most Holy Name.”
God is the force creating maximal goodness in the multiverse, so any description of the goodness of the multiverse is a description of God and therefore a notarikon for His name. So in Metatron’s answer to Ana in Chapter 71
“THERE ARE MANY GATES. NOT ALL OF THEM ARE OPEN. YOU HAVE PASSED THROUGH ONE. YOU ARE STILL OUTSIDE OTHERS. IF YOU SAY THE SHEM HAMEPHORASH AGAIN YOU WILL DESTROY THE WORLD.”
“Many gates? Uriel, we talked about this. We spent years researching. We both agreed that if we could get through the hole in Lake Baikal, we could break into Hell.”
“YES. IT MADE SENSE AT THE TIME. NOW WE ARE HERE OBSERVING FIRST-HAND. I AM TELLING YOU THERE ARE MORE GATES THAN WE THOUGHT. SOME OF THEM ARE CLOSED. YOU CANNOT GET THROUGH THEM.”
“If I just give it more power…”
“THAMIEL IS A FACET OF GOD. BRUTE STRENGTH WILL NOT SUFFICE AGAINST HIM.”
“This is the Shem HaMephorash! It’s literally the power of God Himself! There’s nothing that can stand up to it.”
“YES. THAT IS WHY YOU ARE DESTROYING THE WORLD.”
For reference, here is the draft I made for the Comet King's profile.
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